Is eating salt in patients with kidney disease really worse

"Kidney patients eat less salt," which has become an iron law, all medical staff are patiently admonishing patients and their families: eat as much as a beer bottle cap so much salt every day, or the consequences are serious.
Is eating salt in patients with kidney disease really worse?

Why do patients with kidney disease eat less salt?
In fact, it is to reduce the sodium ion intake.
Because one of the main functions of the kidneys is to balance the electrolytes, after the kidneys have problems, this function is affected.
Once the sodium ion content is too high, sodium ions remain outside the cell, increasing the reabsorbed water in the renal tubules, there will be edema, which is called renal edema.
But the greater harm caused by excessive sodium ions is actually high blood pressure.
The reason why eating more salt to cause high blood pressure is that water and sodium retention cause cells to increase, leading to narrowing of the blood flow channel; second, sodium ions destroy the inner wall of blood vessels and increase blood flow resistance.
Therefore, patients with kidney disease eat less salt, one to prevent edema, and the other is to prevent blood pressure.

How much salt should a kidney patient eat ?
Since patients with kidney disease should eat less salt, how much should they eat?
In simple terms, in the case of normal renal function (normal serum creatinine), it can be controlled within 6 grams per day.
Once severe edema or renal insufficiency (increased serum creatinine) occurs, it should be controlled within 3 grams per day.
Some people say that if you do not eat salt, what is the cause of hyponatremia?
This is the idea!
Because other foods also contain sodium ions, for those foods rich in sodium ions, such as bacon, sausage, oats, soy sauce, etc., but also the right amount.

Correct diet attitude
A lot of people's opinions on the diet of the patient make people feel that after reading, they will always come to the illusion that “this can't be eaten, and that can't be eaten”.
In fact, no matter what kind of disease, there are only two dietary principles: one is up to eight points full, and the other is not biased towards a certain type of food.
First, the meaning of eight-point fullness is to control food intake within 80% according to the patient's current standard of appetite;
Second, the meaning of not being biased towards a certain kind of food is not to eat more because certain foods are good, and not to eat completely because certain foods are not so good. The balanced combination of various nutrients is the king.
For example, patients with kidney disease who eat less salt will definitely not allow you to cook boiled cabbage, and even a variety of sauces, seasoning bottles, sodium foods will be abandoned, but instead of salty as usual.
Remember that the bias to a certain type of food is exactly the source of most medical problems.
For more information, please follow the facebook homepage account: Life for Kidney patients, which allows you to learn more about the various news at home and abroad, but also allows you to learn more about kidney disease. (Dr.Leo)

Email:kdtinchina@yahoo.com

Like Us:https://www.facebook.com/LifeforKidneypatients/

Read More

What should we think about urinary protein negative

It is a good thing to turn urinary protein negative, but there is a class of patients with kidney disease, urinary protein is best not to turn negative, kidney physician: If your urine protein is the case, do not rush to treat it.
In most cases, a negative urinary protein means that the treatment of kidney disease can come to an end. It is worth celebrating. However, there is such a class of patients with kidney disease, their urine protein is best not to turn negative.

 Patient’s anxiety
A few days ago, a patient gave me a message saying that he had been treated for two years and his urinary protein had not improved. To see him as anxious, he asked about the leakage of protein.
As a result, his 24-hour urinary protein ration was always between 0.16-0.2 grams, and he could not always fall below normal.
Do not know what other people think, my first feeling was: This person is coming to show it?
After two years of illness, urinary protein has been controlled at this level. Is it already quite a good deal? I really want to ask his doctor to take down my knee!
However, his anxiety is very real. He repeatedly asked me if I should use hormones.

Treatment is a price
Everyone may have a misunderstanding about treatment: Treatment is good for health.
This was originally true, but this idea is very easy to ignore the other side of the treatment: the treatment of the damage to the body.
Just like the martial arts novels, those who believe that rivers and lakes doctors seem to only save people will not kill people, like a great one-sidedness.
The old ancestors had already warned us: It was a drug poison.
All treatments, whether drugs or devices, will damage our bodies to varying degrees.
Otherwise, ginseng is so good. Why are you not eating? Do not control the price, I am afraid it is white for you to eat, you will not do so.
The doctor's job is simply to find a balance between side effects and efficacy, which will relieve the pain without causing the body to be injured.

Treatment is also stressful enough
Go back to the previous case.
For urine protein, it's good to be able to turn over, but isn't it worth it to not only be full of anxiety but also use drugs with side effects such as hormones?
We will not buy a new car because the rearview mirror of the car is a little broken.
There are some minor problems with the body, as long as they do not affect life and do not cause more serious consequences in the short term, it is not necessary to use thunder measures to force treatment.
Why do doctors only recommend observation when the renal cyst is less than 3 cm? Is direct surgery not immediate?
Why does hemodialysis not be performed when serum creatinine is more than 200? Isn't it more consistent with "killing disease in the cradle"?
Because the treatment is also stressful enough.
Therefore, you do not have to worry about the fact that some of the values ​​on the lab sheet are not in the normal range, and that life is so beautiful.
Remember, if the problem is really serious, the doctor will certainly find a solution and will never let it go.
For more information, please follow the facebook homepage account: Life for Kidney patients, which allows you to learn more about the various news at home and abroad, but also allows you to learn more about kidney disease. (Dr.Leo)

Email:kdtinchina@yahoo.com

Like Us:https://www.facebook.com/LifeforKidneypatients/

Read More

What is the cause of membranous nephropathy in the end

Membranous nephropathy is a very common nephrotic syndrome. Unlike other pathological types that also manifest as nephrotic syndrome, membranous nephropathy is less sensitive to hormones and the treatment effect is often unsatisfactory.
Membranous nephropathy is not sensitive to hormones?

First, the cause of membranous nephropathy
According to the latest pathological studies, we have found that the occurrence of membranous nephropathy is related to the antiphospholipase A2 receptor at the glomerular podocytes.
As a sudden infection (such as a cold) or other factors that cause decreased immunity, this receptor will be exposed, causing antibody attack, that is, anti-phospholipase A2 receptor antibody.
When receptors and antibodies are combined, they become immune complexes. This immune complex located at the glomerular podocyte, in turn, will attract complement attack, the two further combined to form a membrane attack complex.
The birth of this compound will gradually lead to podocyte damage and thickening of the basement membrane.
This is the origin of membranous nephropathy.

Second, how to staging membranous nephropathy?
According to the pathological changes of nephron, we will divide membranous nephropathy into four phases:
First issue
The immune complexes have just begun to deposit on the basement membrane and have not caused structural changes.
Phase II
The deposition of immune complexes gradually increased, the basement membrane began to thicken, and the spikes formed.
Three issues
The basement membrane is further thickened and the nails are enlarged and fused.
Four issues
The immune complexes are gradually absorbed and the spikes form a chain-like change.
Among them, the first and second phases of treatment are relatively easy, because the nephron has not been substantially damaged, but the podocytes are slightly damaged, and the urine protein can be suppressed, and the disease can be cured.
In the third period, with the thickening of the basement membrane, the glomerular filtration barrier gradually lost its function, preventing protein leakage and increasing the difficulty of treatment.

Third, membranous nephropathy should be how to treat?
The effect of hormone therapy on membranous nephropathy is not ideal, because from the third phase, the main reason for protein leakage is no longer the inflammatory response caused by complement and immune complexes, but the podocyte damage, basement membrane thickening caused by small kidney Destruction of the ball through the barrier.
The main role of hormones is to inhibit the inflammatory response. There is not a good way for the abnormal changes of the podocyte and basement membrane, only a slight decrease in the permeability of some renal cells, but for the case of a large number of leaky proteins, the effect is minimal.
The treatment at this time should be divided into two aspects:
First, increase the intensity of the inflammatory response
The commonly used method is to increase other immunosuppressants, such as cyclophosphamide, tripterygium, cyclosporine, etc. The purpose of doing so is to suppress the existing inflammatory reaction and minimize the damage of the nephron.
Second, to strengthen the activity of the remaining nephron
Doctors prefer to use proprietary Chinese medicines such as Jinshuibao and Bailing, mainly to allow them to exert their qi and blood circulation.
Because the kidney itself is a group of two capillaries that dilate blood vessels and improve blood circulation, it can effectively help the nephron to obtain enough nutrients, especially for those kidney units that temporarily stop working under the influence of inflammatory reactions.
Some doctors suspected that the effect of proprietary Chinese medicines was not good enough, and the same purpose was used when using traditional Chinese medicine formulas that countered the evidence.

For more information, please follow the facebook homepage account: Life for Kidney patients, which allows you to learn more about the various news at home and abroad, but also allows you to learn more about kidney disease. (Dr.Leo)

Email:kdtinchina@yahoo.com

Like Us:https://www.facebook.com/LifeforKidneypatients/

Read More

What you think of weight loss foods may not lose weight at all

Weight loss seems to be a common hobby of all women, even those who weigh less than 100%. Although men don't say anything, they don't completely ignore weight loss. However, it is too painful to exercise to lose weight or to diet and lose weight. So people invented the food diet method - rely on eating to lose weight.
It looks perfect, but unfortunately, some so-called diet foods do not make you lose weight.

Vinegar potato silk, potato stew beef, egg yolk sweet potato ... these dishes look delicious!
Slow! High-starchy foods such as potatoes and sweet potatoes are not intended to serve as a food for people who want to lose weight, but they must be used as a staple food.

Yes, if you have these high-starch foods in your weight loss diet, please reduce your staple food.
Similar conditions include beans, which contain high levels of carbohydrates, and some contain high amounts of oil, which are often eaten by you unconsciously. This not only does not help lose weight, but also increases the burden on the stomach and intestines.

Some people say that I only eat green leafy vegetables, but why can't I lose weight? Because it's wrong.

Some people say that this will not let you eat. It will not let you eat. I can always drink some fruit and vegetable juice. Don't put sugar yet?
No...
First of all, if you don’t put sugar in your vegetable juices, it’s really hard to drink, so everyone will choose to add fruit. But is there a difference between direct sugar and sugar?
Second, the process of juice will destroy the cells of fruits and vegetables, making sugar easier to absorb.
Once again, many people will filter after the juice, but do you know what are the "residues" that are filtered out? It is the essence of fruits and vegetables rich in dietary fiber and minerals... After filtration, this glass of fruit and vegetable juice really becomes fruity sugary water.

Oh, so much, of course, is not to let you eat it or eat it, but not because they are "weight diet" to let go of the belly to eat.
More importantly, relying on “eating” or “not eating” to lose weight will eventually fail for a long time. It is recommended to cooperate with science in order to truly reap a better figure.

For more information, please follow the facebook homepage account: Life for Kidney patients, which allows you to learn more about the various news at home and abroad, but also allows you to learn more about kidney disease. (Dr.Leo)

Email:kdtinchina@yahoo.com

Like Us:https://www.facebook.com/LifeforKidneypatients/

Read More

Alzheimer's disease is not a patent for the elderly, young people may also get it!

Alzheimer's disease, also known as Alzheimer's disease, is more common in the elderly. It is mainly characterized by severe memory loss, aphasia, loss of cognitive abilities, and incontinence.
Although most patients are elderly, if you really think that you are young and you don’t get the disease, it’s naive!

The Korean movie "Eraser in my head" released in 2004 was a very touching tear romance. The heroine in the movie got a disease called Alzheimer's disease. The memory gradually disappeared and eventually died.
Yes, she had Alzheimer's disease, although she was not old.
What is Alzheimer's disease?

 As shown in the above figure, the exact cause is not found at present, but a large number of clinical anatomical studies have found that there are a large number of neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques in the brain of Alzheimer's disease patients. These are not present in normal human brains. Therefore, they are temporarily used clinically as the culprit in Alzheimer's disease.
Then the question came: How did these two things come from?
It is not yet known, but through large-scale sampling studies, it has been found that certain behaviors have a very high chance of causing Alzheimer's disease.

1, stay up late
Day and night parties have to pay attention to staying up late and night causing irreversible damage to the brain. Although this damage is slight, it is not non-existent. If you don't want an eraser in your head to erase memory, try to avoid staying up late!
2, smoking
Smoking is called "one of the top ten risk factors for Alzheimer's disease". It is the contamination of the blood and the damage to the brain caused by the various toxins it contains. It is worth noting that secondhand smoke can also cause the same damage to people around them.
3, lazy
The exercise of the brain is not just to look at some brain-burning things, but also includes physical exercise. The majority of patients with advanced stage lazy cancer are most likely to enjoy “home”. Not only will the body be in a “standby” state for a long time, but the brain will also be “standby” because of those soap operas or games that have extremely low thresholds and are very simple. Over time, the body and brain will continue to suffer damage.

how about it? Is it stunned?
For those of us sitting in front of the computer during the day is a day, at home to go to the sofa at night to play mobile phones, people who fell asleep after midnight, the dementia is not far away ... ...
So, go to bed earlier and get up early and exercise more. After many years, you will certainly thank you for your hard work!

For more information, please follow the facebook homepage account: Life for Kidney patients, which allows you to learn more about the various news at home and abroad, but also allows you to learn more about kidney disease. (Dr.Leo)

Email:kdtinchina@yahoo.com

Like Us:https://www.facebook.com/LifeforKidneypatients/

Read More

What foods can't be eaten by hypertensive patients

1, high-energy food

High-energy foods (glucose, sucrose, chocolate, etc.) can induce obesity, and the incidence of hypertension in obese people is higher than that of normal weight. Hypertensive patients are more likely to be overweight or obese. Therefore, patients with this disease should limit the diet of high-energy foods.

2, meat

These foods contain high fat, although high protein, but saturated fatty acid content is high, it is easy to cause high blood lipids, induced coronary heart disease.

3, chicken soup

The nutritional value of chicken soup is high, and drinking more chicken soup will increase cholesterol and blood pressure. Therefore, chicken soup can not be blindly used as a patient's nutritional products, especially those suffering from high blood pressure, should not drink chicken soup. Otherwise, it will only further aggravate the condition and be harmful to the body.

4, wine

Drinking can make heart rate faster, blood vessels contract, blood pressure rise, but also promote the deposition of calcium salts, cholesterol, etc. in the blood vessel wall, accelerate arteriosclerosis. A large number of long-term drinking, more easily induced arteriosclerosis, increased high blood pressure. Therefore, hypertensive patients should abstain from alcohol.

For more information, please follow the facebook homepage account: Life for Kidney patients, which allows you to learn more about the various news at home and abroad, but also allows you to learn more about kidney disease. (Dr.Leo)

Email:kdtinchina@yahoo.com

Online Doctor:008615931093124

Like Us:https://www.facebook.com/LifeforKidneypatients/

Read More

Urinary protein 2 + serious

Urinary protein causes tubulointerstitial hypoxia worsening:

protein urine reabsorption requires extra energy to digest large amounts of protein, which can cause hypoxia of tubule cells, resulting in tubular cell damage. More and more evidence shows that the protein can directly regulate the function of tubule cells, change its growth characteristics and the expression of its cytokines and matrix protein phenotypes, and can cause the release of PDGF, FN and MCP-1 on the basolateral side of tubules and induce the fibrosis process.

Although proteinuria is not particularly noticeable, if it is chronic kidney disease, it must be checked whether there is such a symptom or not, and measures should be taken in time for treatment. Chronic kidney disease proteinuria is not only a sign of kidney damage, a large number of proteins in renal tubular excretion also promote renal tubular epithelial cell inflammation and fibrosis, thereby accelerating the development of chronic kidney disease.

The large amount of urinary protein is one of the major risk factors for the progression of chronic kidney disease to end-stage renal failure, and should therefore be an important target for the treatment of chronic kidney disease. Mesangial toxicity of urine protein: In the proteinuria nephropathy model, apolipoprotein B and apolipoprotein A deposits in the glomerulus with low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) can eventually be accumulated. Causes glomerular sclerosis.

For more information, please follow the facebook homepage account: Life for Kidney patients, which allows you to learn more about the various news at home and abroad, but also allows you to learn more about kidney disease. (Dr.Leo)

Email:kdtinchina@yahoo.com

Online Doctor:008615931093124

Like Us:https://www.facebook.com/LifeforKidneypatients/

Read More

What food kidney shrink patients can not eat

Restricted amount of water:

acute nephritis with oliguria, eyelid edema, generalized edema, and high blood pressure, which is the performance of water metabolism disorders diet, it is important to limit the amount of liquid intake to eliminate edema, reduce heart pressure, the amount of liquid should According to the degree of edema and the amount of urine output, the acute period is generally limited to 500 milliliters, and then increase the amount of water depending on the amount of urine.

Limit the salt:

edema and blood volume and salt have a great relationship, every one gram of salt can bring about 110 milliliters of water, nephritis such as eating too much salt, so that impaired voiding. Often edema increases, blood volume increases, resulting in heart failure, it must be limited salt and give a low-salt diet.

Limit foods high in purine content:

Reduce the burden on the kidneys, and limit foods that stimulate kidney cells, such as spinach, celery, beans, and their products. Can the kidneys shrink?

Do not use strong seasoning essence:

strong condiments have a stimulatory effect on the kidney, such spices are pepper, mustard, curry, pepper and so on. Monosodium glutamate should also be used sparingly. For example, multi-purpose monosodium glutamate can cause thirst and drink.

For more information, please follow the facebook homepage account: Life for Kidney patients, which allows you to learn more about the various news at home and abroad, but also allows you to learn more about kidney disease. (Dr.Leo)

Email:kdtinchina@yahoo.com

Online Doctor:008615931093124

Like Us:https://www.facebook.com/LifeforKidneypatients/

Read More

How to determine if your kidney is healthy and listen to voice

Many people find it difficult to find timely treatment in the early stages of serious illness and lead to advanced disease. How do you know if your kidney is healthy earlier?

Method/step

1.See if you can hear clearly.

2.Observe your skin for brilliance.

3.See if your hair is dark or hair loss.

4.See if you often forget things and memory drops.

5.See if your urine is clear and less foamy.

6.See if you have any swelling in your body every morning.

For more information, please follow the facebook homepage account: Life for Kidney patients, which allows you to learn more about the various news at home and abroad, but also allows you to learn more about kidney disease. (Dr.Leo)

Email:kdtinchina@yahoo.com

Online Doctor:008615931093124

Like Us:https://www.facebook.com/LifeforKidneypatients/

Read More

How to protect kidney health and listen to voice

Kidney is the foundation of the congenital nature. The whole process of human growth and development is determined by the prosperity and decline of kidney essence. The role of the kidneys is so powerful. What should we do to protect the health of the kidneys?

Method/step

Drinking water regularly. Water is the source of life. Insufficient drinking water will cause turbidity retention, which will increase the burden on the kidneys. Therefore, regular drinking water is an important method of raising kidneys.

Diet kidney. There are many kinds of foods that can supplement kidneys. the black sesame seeds, black fungus, black rice, black beans, etc. can be used to raise kidney, walnuts, leeks, shrimp, lamb, etc. are also very good kidney food. We can usually eat these foods to protect our kidneys and consolidate our kidneys.

Protect your waist. When the weather is cold, we must pay attention to the warmth of the waist, and do not sleep when it is hot, and we cannot sleep on the ground with our naked upper body. This will hurt the kidneys.

Protecting your feet, it is well known that keeping your feet warm is an important and convenient way to protect the kidneys. We can often use hot water bubble feet, so that the foot will not be affected by the cold, can play a role in protecting the kidneys.

Do not take medicine for a long time. The drugs we eat, whether they are Chinese medicine or Western medicine, have certain side effects. Some drugs that are taken long-term can cause damage to the kidneys. Therefore, we must carefully read the instructions before using drugs. If you need to take certain drugs for a long time, you should find relevant experts for consultation.

For more information, please follow the facebook homepage account: Life for Kidney patients, which allows you to learn more about the various news at home and abroad, but also allows you to learn more about kidney disease. (Dr.Leo)

Email:kdtinchina@yahoo.com

Online Doctor:008615931093124

Like Us:https://www.facebook.com/LifeforKidneypatients/

Read More

What are the 7 causes of low immunity

Low immunity may also lead to the invasion of related diseases, such as: easy aging, high prevalence, high incidence of cancer and AIDS. Low immunity is a problem that many friends have. So what are the causes of immunity in the life? Please read the following 7 reasons carefully.

1, psychological tension

Anxiety and anxious mental exertion can cause adverse effects on autonomic nerves, and autonomic nerves are closely related to the endocrine system and immune system. Diseases caused by labor are often difficult to cure.

Causes of Low Immunity What Causes Low Immunity? What Are the Risks of Low Immunity?

2, physical fatigue

Insufficient sleep or excessive exertion will increase the burden of autonomic nerves as much as psychological stress, and it will also cause adverse effects on the endocrine system and immune system, resulting in decreased immunity.

3, negative pessimism

Too passive and pessimistic personality can cause the immune system to be reduced, so it is critical to maintain a good mood.

4, dietary imbalance

Eating disorders, irregular eating times, picky eaters, etc., can all contribute to the lack of nutrients needed to provide the immune system.

5, is lack of exercise

Insufficient exercise leads to decreased physical strength. If the physical strength cannot keep up, it will be difficult to resist fatigue, which will result in a decrease in immunity.

Causes of Low Immunity What Causes Low Immunity? What Are the Risks of Low Immunity?

6, excessive antibacterial

Nowadays, society can provide people with adequate antibacterial drugs and commodities, but it should not be over-cleaned. Once the body's immune system adapts to an overly clean environment, the immune system will decline.

7, physical aging

With age, people recover slowly after illness or are prone to have a cold. This is because the body's immune system cannot function effectively after aging.

For more information, please follow the facebook homepage account: Life for Kidney patients, which allows you to learn more about the various news at home and abroad, but also allows you to learn more about kidney disease. (Dr.Leo)

Like Us:https://www.facebook.com/LifeforKidneypatients/

Email:kdtinchina@yahoo.com

Online Doctor:008615931093124

Read More

what is the significance of the three routine tests

So what is the significance of the three routine tests of blood routine, urine routine, and stool routine?

1. The main items of blood routines include red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), total number of white blood cells (WBC) and (DC) classification; in addition, (p t) platelet counts.

2. The main urine routine items include: urine color, urine acidity (pH), urine specific gravity and protein quantification, and urinary sediment count. Its main contents are: microscopic examination of white blood cells, pus and erythrocytes (normal red blood cells, erythroblasts, and shadow cells) epithelial cells, granulocytes and other sperm. And in the pathological conditions of various tube similar substances.

3. The main contents of the stool routine are: stool color and hardness slime. As well as microscopic examination of stools, there are various parasite tests such as helminths (hookworm eggs, aphid eggs, and whipworm eggs).

In the absence of pathological conditions, the three general values ​​are in the normal range, but when the disease or the body is subjected to certain (chemical, physical, biological, mechanical) adverse stimuli and trauma, the body's internal and external environment The equilibrium condition is destroyed and its normal value changes.
When you have signs of flu, pneumonia, acute tonsillitis, infections, etc., the white blood cells in the blood routine rise, and the classified cells increase or decrease accordingly. Even due to carelessness, liver disease or other infections, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets will be reduced. If you are careless, a urinary tract infection, or vaginitis, nephritis or the like will occur; your urine will turn red, dark, brown or milky white. Frequent urination, urgency, dysuria, difficulty urinating, gross hematuria and other symptoms. Upon laboratory tests, red blood cells, white blood cells, or other transparent tubes, wax-like tubes, pelleted tubes, or crystalline salts can be found in the urine. When you are infected with parasites, laboratory tests can reveal that parasite eggs, hookworm eggs and other parasites host your body. When you suffer from digestive diseases, anal fissures, acne, and stools, you will find that stools are dark and have different shapes and positive occult blood.
In short, the three major routines (blood, urine, feces) have been used as clinicians to diagnose diseases. Identification of patients is an essential test method. It is also one of the basis for the inspector to provide clinicians with reliable diagnosis. It is also our observation of physiology and disease.

Email:kdtinchina@yahoo.com

Online Doctor:008615931093124

Read More

It is a general diagnostic method that is conducive to the discovery of kidney disease

Urinary routine is a preliminary examination that cannot be neglected in clinical practice. Proteinuria or components of urinary sediment may occur early in many kidney diseases. Once urine abnormalities are found, it is often the first indication of kidney or urinary tract disease and is often an important clue to the nature of the pathological process. It is a general diagnostic method that is conducive to the discovery of kidney disease.

Routine urine tests include urine color, transparency, pH, red blood cells, white blood cells, epithelial cells, casts, proteins, specific gravity, and urine sugar quality.
(1) urine color: the color of normal urine, mainly caused by urine pigment, the daily excretion is generally constant, so the depth of urine color changes with the amount of urine. Normal urine is yellow grass, abnormal urine color may change due to food, drugs, pigments, blood and other factors.
(2) Transparency: In normal fresh urine, most of the urine is clear and transparent except that the urine of women is slightly turbid. If it is left for a long time, light turbidity occurs. This is due to changes in the pH of the urine, mucus protein in the urine, Nucleoproteins and other gradual precipitation.
(3) pH: Normal urine is weakly acidic, but it can also be neutral or slightly alkaline. The pH of urine depends to a large extent on the type of diet, the drug used, and the type of disease.
(4) Cells: Cells that are clinically significant in urine are red blood cells, white blood cells, and small round epithelial cells. 1 Red blood cells. Red blood cells can occasionally appear in normal human urine, and no more than 3 visual fields per high magnification are obtained after centrifugation. If there is a large amount of red blood cells in the urine, it may be due to kidney bleeding, urinary tract bleeding, renal congestion and other reasons. Strenuous exercise and blood circulation disorders can also lead to increased glomerular permeability and protein and red blood cells in the urine. 2 white blood cells. Normal human urine has a few white blood cells, and the visual field of centrifugal urine does not exceed 5 in each high magnification field. When abnormal, the urine contains a large number of white blood cells, indicating pyogenic lesions in the urinary tract, such as pyelonephritis, cystitis, and urethritis. 3 small round epithelial cells. In normal urine, a small number of steatotic small round epithelial cells are sometimes found. If glomerulonephritis, urinary epithelial cells increased. If there are lesions in the renal tubules, many small round epithelial cells can appear.
(5) Tube type: normal urine contains only a trace amount of albumin, no tube type, or occasionally a small number of transparent tubes. If there is a tube in the urine, it can reflect the condition of at least one nephron. It is a signal of kidney disease and is of great significance for diagnosis.
(6) Proteins: It is generally considered that normal humans have a daily excretion protein mass of 40 to 80 mg and a maximum of 100 to 150 mg, and the regular test is negative. Pathological proteinuria is found in glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, acute renal failure, hypertensive nephropathy, diabetic nephropathy, gestosis, lupus nephritis, radiation nephritis and other inflammatory lesions in the kidney, poisoning, and tumors.
(7) Specific gravity: The proportion of urine is between 1.015 and 1.025. The proportion of urine of infants and young children is low, and the specific gravity of urine is influenced by age, amount of drinking water, and sweating. The level of urine specific gravity mainly depends on the concentration function of the kidney, so the determination of urine specific gravity can be used as one of the renal function tests.
(8) Qualitative urine: Normal humans may have trace amounts of glucose in the urine. The daily urine sugar content is 0.1 to 0.3 grams, and the maximum is no more than 0.9 grams. The qualitative test is negative. Urinary glycocalyxemia is more common in renal diabetes, diabetes, and hyperthyroidism.

Email:kdtinchina@yahoo.com

Online Doctor:008615931093124

Read More