What are the performance of diabetes and how to diagnose

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A typical case of more than three syndromes suggest the disease. Slightly asymptomatic diagnosis depends entirely on laboratory tests, often in health checks or accidental discovery of other diseases. Many patients first discovered complications, and then traced back and the disease. But whether there is no symptoms or complications, the key lies in the first consideration of the possibility of the disease and urine, blood sugar check before diagnosis.

(A) urine glucose test results should pay attention to the following situations. Urine test results for diagnostic purposes only, and diagnosed diabetes depends on blood glucose measurement.

1. If there is a small amount or trace of diabetes, and occasionally appear after meal should be carried out blood glucose and glucose tolerance test, and noted that the spotted solution of copper sulfate was reduced to copper oxide and the like to react, a lot of drugs , Such as morphine, salicylates, chloral hydrate, aspirin, para-aminobenzoic acid, a large number of citric acid, uric acid, and many other carbohydrates can also be raw copper sulfate and false-positive results. It is now widely used glucose oxidase made of urine test strips, to avoid false-positive results.

2. clinically diabetic signs or suspects and urine negative repeatedly, should pay attention to the determination of fasting and 2 hours after a meal blood sugar, so that except for elevated renal glucose threshold.

(B) of the blood glucose determination of blood glucose methods commonly used in three: venous plasma glucose (VPG), capillary blood glucose (CBG) and intravenous whole blood glucose (VBG). Of the two most commonly used before. The results obtained by different methods are slightly different. The results of the VPG method are 10% higher than those of CBG and about 15% higher than that of VBG. In the analysis of blood glucose report should pay attention to the exclusion of other cases caused by increased glucose concentration, such as injection of sugar, a variety of endocrine disorders, brain lesions and stress conditions, which will be described later. Patients with mild or early, especially type Ⅱ disease may be normal fasting blood glucose, can not be easily excluded, must be 2 hours after a meal blood glucose or glucose tolerance test.

(C) glucose tolerance test for patients with normal or slightly higher fasting blood glucose and occasionally diabetic, or suspected patients with diabetes (such as a positive family history, or repeated miscarriage, premature birth, stillbirth, giant baby, dystocia, abortion After the maternal, or repeated sore boil, etc.), to be glucose tolerance test. But the fasting blood glucose significantly increased the diagnosis of dominant cases have been identified, a lot of glucose can burden, should be exempted.

Diagnosis of diabetic fashion to be excluded except for a variety of factors affecting glucose tolerance, including anterior pituitary, adrenal cortex, hyperthyroidism and other endocrine diseases, obesity, liver disease, a variety of drugs (such as thiazide diuretics, female contraceptives, glucocorticoids , Phenytoin, chlorobenzothiadiazine, etc.), stress conditions (such as fever, infection, acute myocardial infarction, surgery, etc.), loss of potassium and so on.

2. 2h after meals blood glucose measurement Equivalent to 100g glucose carbohydrate foods such as steamed 2 2 or rice 2h after the determination of blood glucose, such as more than 140mg / dl were reduced tolerance, ≥ 200mg / dl for diabetes.

Because of low sugar diet or hunger state can reduce impaired glucose tolerance, so should pay attention to adjust the diet 3d pre-test sugar intake of not less than 250g / d, in order to obtain reliable results.

For some patients to assess their β-cell function or glycemic control status, the following determination can be made:

1. Fasting plasma insulin measured in our hospital by radioimmunoassay fasting plasma insulin normal range of 5 ~ 20μu / ml, type I patients are often below 5μu / ml, sometimes as low as undetectable. Type II plasma insulin levels in patients with normal, a few also have low, obese patients often higher than normal, increased significantly hyperinsulinemia, suggesting that insulin resistance. The latter is a component of the metabolic syndrome can be considered as one of the risk factors for coronary heart disease, which has drawn much attention in recent years. Insulin and insulin original immune cross, and therefore can be measured for the general radio immunoassay, and cardiovascular adverse effects, proinsulin may be more than insulin. The study has been the determination of proinsulin used in clinical.

2. Insulin release test During oral glucose tolerance test, plasma insulin concentration can be measured simultaneously to reflect the islet β-cell reserve function. In addition to the low fasting level of type I patients, the level of insulin remained low after the stimulation of sugar, showing a low flat curve, especially the simultaneous calculation of the ratio of glucose to insulin (IRI) / G, suggesting that insulin secretion Low (normal 25μu / mg). Ⅱ type of patients fasting level may be normal or high, delayed release after stimulation. Glucose stimulation, such as insulin did not rise or flat water, suggesting that β-cell dysfunction.

3.C-peptide determination of insulin release from pancreatic β-cells by the liver and kidneys by insulin and other energy-extinction, the peripheral blood of each cycle will be 80% destroyed, and its half-life of only 4.8 minutes, so the blood concentration of only Represents a very small part of its total secretion. C peptide and insulin from the proinsulin split from the same molecular peptides, not by the liver enzyme excretion, only excretion by the role of the kidneys, and its half-life of 10 to 11 minutes, so the blood concentration can be more Good reflection of pancreatic β-cell reserve function. Determination of C-peptide is not affected by insulin antibodies interfere with the determination of insulin-free cross-immune reaction, and is not affected by insulin injection, it has been used in recent years measured C-peptide blood concentration or 24-hour urinary excretion to reflect the beta cell secretion Features.

(1) Serum C-peptide concentration determination: Normal human serum C-peptide was 1.0 ± 0.23 mg / dl when fasting was measured by radioimmunoassay. The concentration was 3.1 ng / ml when the peak value of oral glucose was seen for 60 minutes. Serum C-peptide increased from 1.3 ± 0.3 ng / ml to 4.4 ± 0.8 ng / ml after 60 minutes in normal subjects and only 2.3 ng / ml in type 2 diabetes after 2 hours. The other 5 cases of type Ⅰ patients who had been treated with insulin for more than 5 years, C peptide levels are low, both fasting and after stimulation failed to measure.

⑵ 24-hour urine C peptide determination: normal 24-hour urine C peptide 36 ± 4μg, type I only 1.1 ± 0.5μg, type Ⅱ patients was 24 ± 7μg, C peptide daily release equivalent to about the secretion of insulin 5% of the amount of insulin secretion and only 0.1%.

The above-mentioned C-peptide assay can identify β-cell function in type I patients with insulin treatment, which is not only used for scientific research but also clinically used at present.

4.HbA1c determination of fasting blood glucose and blood glucose fluctuations may reflect the recent 2 to 3 months in the blood glucose, normal HbA1c6%, HbA1 8%, often higher than normal in patients with diabetes.

Fructosamine determination of serum normal fructosamine 2.13 ± 0.24mmol / L (plasma low 0.3mmol / L), reflecting the last 1 to 4 weeks of blood glucose, parallel with HbA1c, regardless of type I diabetes, type Ⅱ Are higher, especially in type Ⅰ as high.

In short, the diagnosis of diabetes can root history, clinical manifestations, supplemented by the above urine sugar, blood glucose and OGTT determined. In addition, the need to identify whether there are various complications and complications, and to assess their severity, type, stage of development and major organ status, etc., is very important for the treatment and prognosis of the disease.

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Will Hypokalemia induce arrhythmias do

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Will hypokalemia induce arrhythmias? Well, then take a look at the experts on the cause of arrhythmia introduction, I hope for everyone to help.

Potassium is an important material to maintain cardiac function, hypokalemia easily lead to arrhythmia. When the extracellular or blood potassium concentration decreased, the difference between the potassium concentration inside and outside the cell membrane increased, the membrane potassium permeability decreased. Hypokalemia, increased cardiac excitability, increased self-discipline, reduced conductivity.


When the difference of potassium concentration inside and outside of myocardial cells increased, the potassium permeability of the membrane decreased and the outflow of potassium ions decreased, which decreased the resting potential of cardiomyocytes. As the membrane potential decreases close to the threshold potential, increased cardiac myocyte excitability. At the same time, the effect of relative influx of sodium ions is weakened, the speed of automatic depolarization of diastolic myocardial cells is accelerated, the time from the diastolic potential after repolarization reaches the threshold potential is shortened, and the self-discipline of cardiomyocytes is increased. And due to reduced resting potential, sodium influx and depolarization speed and amplitude decreased, so slow conduction of excitement.

Thus, due to hypokalemia due to changes in cardiomyocytes Na + and K + channel permeability, increased cardiac excitability, increased self-discipline, reduced conductivity, easy to form excited reentry, and induced arrhythmia.

Hypokalemia is the early symptoms of limb weakness, generalized weakness, bloating, nausea, constipation, lack of energy and other symptoms, and mild hypokalemia caused by arrhythmia mostly sinus tachycardia, atrial contraction Or ventricular contractions before.

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What are the symptoms of early nephritis in women

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No matter what type of nephritis, have a tremendous harm to the patient's physical and mental health. So what are the symptoms of early nephritis in women?
Nephritis is by far the most common form of basic treatment for women with nephritis. Nephritis can be divided into two major categories of primary and secondary, or can be divided into two types of chronic and acute. No matter what type of nephritis, have a tremendous harm to the patient's physical and mental health. So what are the symptoms of early nephritis in women? How to prevent nephritis everyday?

Symptoms of early nephritis in women Nephritis of female nephritis diagnosis
What are the symptoms of early nephritis in women?

1, different levels of infection. The incidence of nephritis to some extent and the patient's infection is closely related, such as the common upper respiratory tract infection, pharyngitis and so on. When symptoms of these infections appear, patients should be promptly inspected in order to rule out the possibility of nephritis.

2, the body edema. One symptom often found in women with nephritis is body edema. The most common areas of edema are the face, lower extremities, and thorax and abdomen. At the same time patients will appear fatigue dizziness, waist pain and other symptoms, urine may be mixed with blood, urine color at the same time, anomalies. These may be the symptoms of early nephritis, once these symptoms appear, female friends must pay attention to early detection and treatment.

3, abnormal urine output. Some women with nephritis in the early may appear abnormal urine output or urination frequency increase or decrease and other symptoms, especially when the number of urination more than 3 times at night should pay attention to the timely sampling to the hospital for urine to check Identify kidney lesions.

4, accompanied by high blood pressure appears. In the survey of female nephritis or inside, nearly one-third of all or have high blood pressure symptoms, the general performance of dizziness, fatigue, poor quality of sleep and other symptoms, the long-term will seriously affect the patient's normal life and work. In case of such symptoms, be sure to timely medical examination, in order to timely detection of nephritis early treatment.

5, if the development of women with nephritis to a moderate degree, there will be symptoms of anemia, often feel dizzy and fatigue, looking worse and other symptoms, then need to be promptly checked for symptomatic treatment.
So, nephritis is how to check the disease and diagnosed it?

Acute nephritis has mild anemia in routine blood tests. The hemoglobin is generally not less than 10 g / 100 ml, white blood cells generally showed normal levels. However, early streptococcal infection and bacterial infection of white blood cells is likely to increase, the neutral classification has increased, erythrocyte sedimentation rate faster, up to 30-60 mm / h. And some patients with acute nephritis, the anti-streptolysin "o" titer increased serum immune complexes have also been elevated. In patients with blood or urine, fibrin degradation products (PDP) were found to be elevated, and total serum complement (cH, o) and complement C decreased.
Urine routine examination, some symptoms of acute nephritis patients, the urine sometimes only changes in urine, such as a small amount of protein, red blood cells, white blood cells, without hypertension, edema, oliguria and other clinical symptom. Should pay attention to the use of a variety of inspection methods, and urinary tract infection-like diseases distinguish.

When performing renal function tests, the vast majority of patients, there will be a decrease in the rate of creatinine clearance, the creatinine, urea nitrogen increased. According to the specific situation of different patients, the use of appropriate treatment, generally can quickly return to normal. As a supporting examination of the B-ultrasound, CT examination, we can see that some patients have a more significant increase in kidney volume.

After examination and diagnosis, patients with nephritis should also be given special attention, because kidney disease may cause some diseases such as acute glomerulonephritis and renal failure.

Daily how to prevent nephritis Six teach you to prevent nephritis

1, enhance physical fitness
The most important measure to prevent chronic nephritis is to enhance physical exercise and enhance the ability of the body to fight disease. Exercise a variety of ways, walking, long-distance running, dancing, climbing, boating, martial arts, qigong, tai chi, etc., are helpful to enhance physical fitness, improve body resistance, and can prevent the infection of bacteria and viruses after immunocompromised occur. However, patients with renal disease cautious.

2, to prevent infection
Nephritis disease often associated with upper respiratory tract infection and other often outside by the cold, wind heat, rheumatism, damp heat, heat toxicity of the evil as a cause, therefore, to prevent the incidence of nephritis, we should pay attention to changes in the cold weather should be avoided Rainy days, sweat out of the wind, wading, wearing wet clothes, always guarding against the invasion of evil.

3, daily life
To develop good habits, is very important to your health. Because of irregular life, inadequate sleep, binge eating, excessive color, excessive ease of work, can reduce the body's resistance to exogenous pathogens, increase the chances of illness, so in daily life, should work and rest, regular work and rest , In order to maintain the body's balance of yin and yang, blood and smooth.

4, sick early treatment
Sores of the skin prurigo rash, upper respiratory tract infection, recurrent tonsillitis, all have the possibility of nephritis, it is necessary to get sick early treatment. Keep under the yin clean, frequently change clothes, prevent urinary tract infection; keep the stool smooth, regular defecation, is conducive to the elimination of metabolic waste.

5, optimistic spirit
Prevention should first be wary of the occurrence of nephritis, but not necessarily pessimistic, should eliminate the horror of the disease. In addition to strengthening physical activity usually, the lack of kidney yin can serve Liu Wei Di Huang Wan, Wei Qi who can serve Yupingfengsan to kidney Pei-yuan, solid health watch to prevent evils invasion of nephropathy.

6, pay attention to health
Sick as early as the skin sores prurigo, upper respiratory tract infection, recurrent tonsillitis, etc., are likely to become nephritis, it is necessary to get sick early treatment. Maintain the lower body clean, frequently changing clothes, to prevent urinary tract infections; keep stool, regular bowel movements, is conducive to the elimination of metabolic waste.


Reminder visceral and fat in the cholesterol and protein content are high, there are spicy food, nephritis patients should not eat.

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Cold winter urinary urgency quick answer

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In real life, many middle-aged and elderly people have a lot of night nocturnal urination, urinary frequency and urgency in winter. They consider themselves as follows: on the age, the urinary function of the body is deteriorated and the amount of urination in the cold winter is also correspondingly increased, Feel more frequent urination, frequent urination, urgency is a very normal phenomenon of the phenomenon, most people will ignore laissez faire or ignored! Really as the general public know, urinary urgency does not matter, did not cause serious problems? Cold winter, urinary urgency in the end is how the same thing?

(Cause Analysis) urinary urgency why?

Daily life, urinary urgency people painful, annoying annoying! Go to work during the day to and from the toilet to run back and forth, not only affected the work, but also become colleagues teasing material; sleeping at night, often arousal, rarely sleep peace of mind, apathetic, easy to catch a cold! So, this is so afflicted urinary urgency what happened? Zhanjiang modern men's hospital experts said that men often urinary frequency urinary urgency pain symptoms are usually prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia, urinary tract infections and other diseases.

Prostate hyperplasia: Prostatic hyperplasia in middle-aged men was a high incidence trend. Urine problems in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia is due to urinary tract obstruction or bladder weakness caused by great harm to health.

Urinary Tract Infections: The most common causes are urethritis, cystitis, pyelonephritis, urinary tract tuberculosis caused by pathogenic microorganisms such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, mold virus, and Gonorrhea gonorrhea, or in combination with infections such as stone deformities.

(Harm to watch) urinary urinary urgency caused by what harm?

Because of people's urinary frequency and urgency symptoms of prostate disease there are many misunderstandings, indifference or delay to take a lazy attitude, so nocturia, urinary symptoms evolved into migration: urination started slowly, swelling of the urethra, urinary white, Hematuria, decreased sexual function and other symptoms.

In addition, due to prolonged delay and habitual holding back urine in winter, thereby contributing to the growing prostate hyperplasia tissue eventually developed into a complete obstruction of the urethra, leading to acute urinary retention symptoms, severely damaged the body's urinary function!

Urine urinary urgency what therapies and preventive measures?

(Check the diagnosis) urinary urgency need to do what check?

So, urinary urgency urgently need to do what check it? Zhanjiang modern male specialist said that in order to determine the cause of urinary frequency, urgency and other phenomena, usually need to do the following checks:

Laboratory tests: routine blood tests, urinalysis pyuria, bacteriuria is the characteristic of bacterial culture of urine is a necessary project, suspect L strain infection should be carried out hypertonic culture. Suspected immune dysfunction should be immune function tests, renal function tests focus on renal tubular function tests.

Cystoscopy: to determine interstitial cystitis bladder stones, tumors, urethral stricture hydronephrosis help. Prostate or prostatic hyperplasia or prostate cancer should be done when the anus examination.

X-ray examination: the diagnosis of renal-size urinary tract tumors, stones and urinary tract malformations help, if necessary, CT and MRI examination

Ultrasonography: Measurement of renal hydronephrosis size, found that urinary tract stones, benign prostatic hyperplasia tumors help.

Urodynamics check: Urinary reflux of the narrow urinary tract obstruction to help large.

(Health Prevention) Urinary frequency of prostate disease urgency how to prevent health?

In addition to timely examination and treatment, the daily health care prevention is also very important! The majority of male friends to prevent prostate disease should pay attention to the following aspects:

1, pay attention to eating habits, less drinking or not drinking, do not eat too spicy to stimulate food.

2, focus on summer sunstroke, cold days warm, develop good living habits.

3, to avoid sedentary, holding back urine, pay attention to keep exercise.


4, the control of sexual life in their normal age range, pay attention to sexual health.

5, once urinary frequency, urinary urgency should be promptly to the regular male hospital examination, in order to regulate treatment.

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How to know the kidney is sick

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The kidney is one of the important organs of the human body, it is located on both sides of the body shaped like broad beans, located on both sides of the abdominal wall spine. The physiological function of the kidney is mainly the secretion of urine, the removal of body metabolites such as waste, poison and drugs, while regulating the body's water and osmotic pressure, reabsorption function to retain water and other useful substances. At the same time it is also a regulatory organ, through the secretion of hormones to regulate the body's metabolism. It is also a regulatory organ that regulates the metabolism in the body by secreting hormone substances. But how do we know if the kidneys are sick? Expert Tip If the following symptoms may be a kidney problem, then you need treatment.

Symptoms of kidney disease 1: pain

One of the early signs of kidney pain is the appearance of pain: the location, nature, and intensity of the pain are often important diagnoses. Acute kidney disease is characterized by the volume of the kidney often increases, leading to a sudden expansion of the kidney capsule, causing dull pain in the flank or rib ridge angle, ureter obstruction, there will be severe angina pectoris, the general incidence of urgent and Pain will spread to different parts of the following abdomen, thigh, etc., renal colic can be intermittent episodes of days, weeks or months.

Symptoms of kidney disease 2: abnormal urination

Urination usually include urinary frequency, urgency, dysuria, nocturia, abnormal urine output and other circumstances. Normal urine output of 1000 ~ 2000 ml / day, with an average of 1500 ml / day or so. Whether urine volume increases or decreases, may be a manifestation of kidney disease, especially at night, polyuria is often a sign of kidney disease. The main performance are: 1, urinary frequency: increased urination frequency, called urinary frequency. When the current urinary tract (bladder and urethra) have inflammation, frequent urination, and discharge urine per discharge less. 2, urgency refers to just finished row urination and urgency to urinate, which can not wait or even wet underwear. Urinary urgency associated with dysuria, common in the bladder, urethra and prostate infections, rare in the stimulation of foreign body. 3, dysuria refers to urination urinary tract pain and burning sensation, common in bladder and prostate infections, often accompanied by urinary tract urinary frequency, urgency, this condition is called bladder irritation, lower urinary tract syndrome or urinary frequency - urination discomfort Syndrome, more common in urinary tract infection, urethral syndrome.

Symptoms of kidney disease 3: edema

If found edema, but also an indication of abnormal renal function. Medical often see a sudden increase in body weight is an extremely sensitive indicator of edema, when the edema is further aggravated eyelid edema can be seen, followed by body sagging also appear edema, such as the ankle, lower extremities, severe cases can also occur ascites, pleural effusion, etc. Press the front of the calf tibia with your finger, there are concave dimples, which can be judged from the body's excess water has reached 4 to 5 kg, which is a typical manifestation of edema.

Symptoms of kidney disease 4: proteinuria


Appear proteinuria, urinalysis after the urine is visible above a layer of small foam and continued for a long time does not disappear, called "foam urine." This is because there is a lot of urine protein, protein in urine appears to be some physiological or transient; others are pathological, such as the emergence of pathological proteinuria, we need to cause our attention.

When drowsiness, low back pain, weak waist, high blood pressure, accompanied by increased or decreased urination, proteinuria, occult blood, eyelid edema, which shows that your kidneys may be ill. Need to take appropriate measures in a timely manner to prevent the disease from deteriorating.

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Diabetic patients can eat the nuts and dried fruits directory

Nuts and Dried fruits

Hazelnut: suitable for cancer, diabetic patients consumption;

Chestnut: prevention and treatment of postprandial blood glucose rise;

Walnut: Prevention of cardiovascular complications;

Lotus seeds: the symptoms of polyuria of diabetes have a certain effect;

Peanuts: beneficial for the prevention of cardiovascular complications in diabetic patients;

Almonds: Prevention of heart disease and diabetes, weight loss;

Sesame: prevention and treatment of diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure;

Cashew nuts: the prevention and treatment of diabetes help;

Watermelon seeds: prevent peripheral neuropathy in patients with diabetes;

White melon seeds: reduce or delay the complications of diabetes.

Edible oils and condiments:

Ginger: significantly lower blood sugar, reduce the complications of diabetes;

Vinegar: reduce postprandial blood glucose in diabetic patients;

Tea oil: can significantly reduce fasting blood glucose and postprandial blood glucose 2 hours;

Olive oil: the best source of fat supplementation in diabetics;

Sesame sesame oil: helps to protect the arteries;

Sunflower oil: can prevent diabetes and other "rich disease."

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