what is the significance of the three routine tests

So what is the significance of the three routine tests of blood routine, urine routine, and stool routine?

1. The main items of blood routines include red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), total number of white blood cells (WBC) and (DC) classification; in addition, (p t) platelet counts.

2. The main urine routine items include: urine color, urine acidity (pH), urine specific gravity and protein quantification, and urinary sediment count. Its main contents are: microscopic examination of white blood cells, pus and erythrocytes (normal red blood cells, erythroblasts, and shadow cells) epithelial cells, granulocytes and other sperm. And in the pathological conditions of various tube similar substances.

3. The main contents of the stool routine are: stool color and hardness slime. As well as microscopic examination of stools, there are various parasite tests such as helminths (hookworm eggs, aphid eggs, and whipworm eggs).

In the absence of pathological conditions, the three general values ​​are in the normal range, but when the disease or the body is subjected to certain (chemical, physical, biological, mechanical) adverse stimuli and trauma, the body's internal and external environment The equilibrium condition is destroyed and its normal value changes.
When you have signs of flu, pneumonia, acute tonsillitis, infections, etc., the white blood cells in the blood routine rise, and the classified cells increase or decrease accordingly. Even due to carelessness, liver disease or other infections, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets will be reduced. If you are careless, a urinary tract infection, or vaginitis, nephritis or the like will occur; your urine will turn red, dark, brown or milky white. Frequent urination, urgency, dysuria, difficulty urinating, gross hematuria and other symptoms. Upon laboratory tests, red blood cells, white blood cells, or other transparent tubes, wax-like tubes, pelleted tubes, or crystalline salts can be found in the urine. When you are infected with parasites, laboratory tests can reveal that parasite eggs, hookworm eggs and other parasites host your body. When you suffer from digestive diseases, anal fissures, acne, and stools, you will find that stools are dark and have different shapes and positive occult blood.
In short, the three major routines (blood, urine, feces) have been used as clinicians to diagnose diseases. Identification of patients is an essential test method. It is also one of the basis for the inspector to provide clinicians with reliable diagnosis. It is also our observation of physiology and disease.

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It is a general diagnostic method that is conducive to the discovery of kidney disease

Urinary routine is a preliminary examination that cannot be neglected in clinical practice. Proteinuria or components of urinary sediment may occur early in many kidney diseases. Once urine abnormalities are found, it is often the first indication of kidney or urinary tract disease and is often an important clue to the nature of the pathological process. It is a general diagnostic method that is conducive to the discovery of kidney disease.

Routine urine tests include urine color, transparency, pH, red blood cells, white blood cells, epithelial cells, casts, proteins, specific gravity, and urine sugar quality.
(1) urine color: the color of normal urine, mainly caused by urine pigment, the daily excretion is generally constant, so the depth of urine color changes with the amount of urine. Normal urine is yellow grass, abnormal urine color may change due to food, drugs, pigments, blood and other factors.
(2) Transparency: In normal fresh urine, most of the urine is clear and transparent except that the urine of women is slightly turbid. If it is left for a long time, light turbidity occurs. This is due to changes in the pH of the urine, mucus protein in the urine, Nucleoproteins and other gradual precipitation.
(3) pH: Normal urine is weakly acidic, but it can also be neutral or slightly alkaline. The pH of urine depends to a large extent on the type of diet, the drug used, and the type of disease.
(4) Cells: Cells that are clinically significant in urine are red blood cells, white blood cells, and small round epithelial cells. 1 Red blood cells. Red blood cells can occasionally appear in normal human urine, and no more than 3 visual fields per high magnification are obtained after centrifugation. If there is a large amount of red blood cells in the urine, it may be due to kidney bleeding, urinary tract bleeding, renal congestion and other reasons. Strenuous exercise and blood circulation disorders can also lead to increased glomerular permeability and protein and red blood cells in the urine. 2 white blood cells. Normal human urine has a few white blood cells, and the visual field of centrifugal urine does not exceed 5 in each high magnification field. When abnormal, the urine contains a large number of white blood cells, indicating pyogenic lesions in the urinary tract, such as pyelonephritis, cystitis, and urethritis. 3 small round epithelial cells. In normal urine, a small number of steatotic small round epithelial cells are sometimes found. If glomerulonephritis, urinary epithelial cells increased. If there are lesions in the renal tubules, many small round epithelial cells can appear.
(5) Tube type: normal urine contains only a trace amount of albumin, no tube type, or occasionally a small number of transparent tubes. If there is a tube in the urine, it can reflect the condition of at least one nephron. It is a signal of kidney disease and is of great significance for diagnosis.
(6) Proteins: It is generally considered that normal humans have a daily excretion protein mass of 40 to 80 mg and a maximum of 100 to 150 mg, and the regular test is negative. Pathological proteinuria is found in glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, acute renal failure, hypertensive nephropathy, diabetic nephropathy, gestosis, lupus nephritis, radiation nephritis and other inflammatory lesions in the kidney, poisoning, and tumors.
(7) Specific gravity: The proportion of urine is between 1.015 and 1.025. The proportion of urine of infants and young children is low, and the specific gravity of urine is influenced by age, amount of drinking water, and sweating. The level of urine specific gravity mainly depends on the concentration function of the kidney, so the determination of urine specific gravity can be used as one of the renal function tests.
(8) Qualitative urine: Normal humans may have trace amounts of glucose in the urine. The daily urine sugar content is 0.1 to 0.3 grams, and the maximum is no more than 0.9 grams. The qualitative test is negative. Urinary glycocalyxemia is more common in renal diabetes, diabetes, and hyperthyroidism.

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How to eat eggs is more beneficial to patients with kidney disease

For people with kidney disease who can eat eggs, it is controversial that the yolk contains more cholesterol. Kidney disease Good doctors pointed out that if you only need egg white or egg-free kidney disease, you do not need to worry about one egg per day if you do not need to strictly limit fat or cholesterol.

The nutritional value of eggs


1 vitamin:

The egg yolk is rich in vitamins and has a wide range of ingredients, including all fat-soluble vitamins (vitamins A, D, E, K), so B vitamins and vitamin C. In natural foods, eggs contain only vitamin D that is second to fish liver oil.

2. Fat:

A normal-sized egg has a fat content of 6-9 grams, 98% of which is in the egg yolk, and the digestibility of the fat in the egg yolk is high (digestion is highly hydrolyzed and easily absorbed by the body).

3. Minerals:

The content of egg white is very low, and is mainly found in egg yolks. The content of minerals in egg yolk is 1% to 1.5%, among which calcium, iron, zinc, selenium and other substances are abundant.

How to eat eggs is the most reasonable? How to eat eggs is more beneficial to patients with kidney disease:

1. boiled eggs:

The time is very important, control is 8-10 minutes. Boiled too raw, the protein structure is not destroyed, is not conducive to the body's digestion and absorption; cooking too long lead to a more compact structure will also reduce the absorption and utilization.

2. Scrambled eggs:

Add cooking wine while stirring the egg, so that scrambled eggs can not only reduce oil, but also make the eggs more tender and taste more delicious; the other is the same treasure is clean water, add fresh water and eggs when playing eggs, and mix well, Slowly frying in a small fire in the pot, the egg taste will be particularly tender, and not easy to paste pot.

3. Poached eggs:

Add a little vinegar (not salt) to the water. After the water is opened, keep the water slightly open and not very tumbling. Put the eggs into the water and cook for 3 to 4 minutes. Then you can remove the eggs and boil the poached eggs. The taste is tenderer.

4. Steamed egg tarts:

Put the egg into the bowl and slowly add the appropriate amount of warm boiled water while stirring. A bubble of 1 cm in height appears on the egg. Be careful not to stir hard, otherwise the egg liquid will produce a lot of foam, steamed and easy to separate the water and eggs. When steamed egg tarts are best used in the fire or mild fire, generally about 8 minutes after the pan is appropriate. In addition, adding a little milk when steaming tart can make it taste more smooth and more nutritious.

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What are the eight principles of chronic nephritis treatment

Chronic nephritis is a kidney disease that requires long-term treatment. It is not a simple medication to recover. So what are the principles of treatment for chronic nephritis? Let's take a look at what the experts say.

Chronic glomerulonephritis referred to as chronic nephritis refers to proteinuria, hematuria, hypertension, edema as the basic clinical manifestations, the onset of the disease are different, the condition is protracted, the lesion progresses slowly, there may be varying degrees of renal dysfunction, with kidney Deterioration of function and a group of glomerulopathy that will eventually develop into chronic renal failure. Due to the different pathological types and stages of the disease in this group, the main clinical manifestations may vary. The disease is diversified.

The principle of treatment of chronic nephritis

First, The bed has a good rest:

acute nephritis bed rest is very important. In bed can increase renal blood flow, can improve abnormal urine changes. Prevent and reduce complications and prevent reinfection. When the edema subsides, the blood pressure drops, and the urine abnormalities abate, proper amount of walking can be done, and mild activities can be gradually increased to prevent a sudden increase in activity.

Second, diet and water:

Moisture intake in terms of urine output, edema, hypertension and the presence or absence of heart failure, to limit the moisture in the acute phase is appropriate, but should not be excessive to prevent a sudden lack of blood volume. The salt intake should be limited to about 2 g/d when there is marked edema and high blood pressure. Protein intake, blood urea nitrogen below 14.28mmol/L (40mg/dl), protein may not limit: 14.28 ~ 21.42mmol / L (40 ~ 60mg/dl) can be limited to 1.0g per kilogram of body weight; 21.42mmol /L (60mg/dl) or more, then 0.5g/kg body weight per day, protein is preferred for high quality protein, such as eggs, milk, lean meat and so on. However, it is generally advisable to enter a low-protein, high-sugar diet until the onset of diuresis. After the symptoms are basically relieved, the routine diet is resumed.

Third, anti-infective treatment:

In the acute phase of nephritis in the case of infected lesions to give adequate anti-infective treatment, no infection, generally do not have to be appropriate. The use of antibiotics to prevent the recurrence of this disease is often ineffective.

Fourth, the treatment of edema:

mild edema without treatment, salt and rest can disappear after rest. Obvious edema can be used furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, spironolactone or triamterene combined application, generally intermittent application is better than continuous application.

Fifth, the treatment of hypertension and heart failure: 

patients with hypertension need conventional treatment of hypertension. If the blood pressure is significantly increased, it is not appropriate to make the blood pressure drop suddenly, or even to normal, in order to prevent a sudden decrease in renal blood flow, affecting or aggravating renal insufficiency. The treatment of heart failure, due to the presence of high blood volume in the early stages of acute nephritis, the effect of digitalis application is not necessarily ideal, the treatment should focus on the removal of water, sodium phlegm slip, reduce blood volume.

Sixth,Anticoagulation therapy:

According to the pathogenesis, coagulation in the glomerulus is an important pathological change, mainly cellulose deposition and platelet aggregation. Therefore, in the treatment, anticoagulant therapy may be used, which will contribute to the remission of nephritis. Specific methods: 1 heparin 0.8 ~ 1.0mg/kg body weight by adding 5% glucose 250ml, intravenous infusion, once daily, 10 to 14 times for a course of treatment, interval 3 to 5 days before the next course of treatment, a total of 2 ~ 3 courses. 2 Dipyridamole 50~100mg 3 times daily. 3 Salvia 20 ~ 30 grams of intravenous infusion, can also use urokinase 2 ~ 60,000 u add 5% glucose 250ml intravenous infusion, once a day, 10 days for a course of treatment, according to the condition of 2 to 3 courses. However, it should be noted that heparin and urokinase can not be applied simultaneously.

Seventh,Antioxidant applications:

Superoxide dismutase (SOD), selenium-containing glutathione peroxidase and vitamin E can be used. 1 Superoxide dismutase can convert O- into H2O2,2 containing selenium glutathione peroxidase (SeGsHPx), which reduces H2O2 to H2O. 3 Vitamin E is a lipid-soluble scavenger on plasma and erythrocyte membranes in the body. Vitamin E and coenzyme Q10 can scavenge free radicals, block the chain reaction of free radical-triggered lipid peroxidation, protect kidney cells, and reduce the inflammatory process in the kidney.

Eight, Chinese medicine treatment

Cold type: acute onset, chills, fever, cough, head edema, oliguria, high blood pressure, thin white tongue coating, pulse floating tight. Governance is to spread the lungs and water. Prescriptions: Ephedra, almonds, dried wolfberry, mulberry, wolfberry, psyllium, winter melon, ginger, thirst plus gypsum.

Wind-heat type: fever is not chilly, sore throat, mild swelling of the face, thin yellow tongue coating, urine short-skin astringent, visible gross hematuria. The rule is to clear the wind and heat, cool blood detoxification. Prescriptions: Forsythia, silver flower, mulberry leaf, chrysanthemum, dandelion, mint, gypsum, pollen, red peony, fresh chine.

Hot and humid type: There may be fever, dry lips, dry mouth, yellow tongue coating, slippery pulse, little red urine, head or body edema. Treatment is heat and dampness or heat detoxification, prescription: Atractylodes, Phellodendron, Fang has been, swine fever, cicada skin, pokeweed, abdomen skin, wood pass, Alisma, red bean, pepper head.

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What laboratory tests to do when diagnosing hypertension

Hypertensive patients should make the following examination items:

(1) Urine examination can help determine kidney function and understand whether hypertension is caused by kidney disease. Urine tests include urinary protein, urinary sediment count, and bacteriological examinations. It plays an important role in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of hypertension. In most cases of essential hypertension without complications, urinary examination can be no significant change, but in the event of renal damage in essential hypertension, urine tests can show varying degrees of change: malignant hypertension can have A large number of proteinuria, hematuria, leukocytes and granular cast; renal essential hypertension, such as glomerular nephritis caused by hypertension, but also a corresponding change.

(2) Routine blood tests often have anemia in patients with renal parenchymal hypertension, whereas patients with essential hypertension do not generally have anemia.

(3) Blood biochemical tests include total blood protein, albumin, cholesterol, blood glucose, urea nitrogen, creatinine, sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, magnesium, uric acid, and aspartate aminotransferase. If a hypertensive patient has lower than normal potassium in the blood without diuretics, primary or secondary hyperaldosteronism should be suspected. Serum creatinine is not affected by food and therefore is more reliable than urea nitrogen in assessing renal function. In patients with adrenal hypertension, pheochromocytoma, or long-term use of diuretics, the uric acid level in the blood may increase.

(4) Serological tests including C-reactive protein, anti-streptolysin "O", etc., have a certain reference value in the active period of constrictive arteritis.

(5) Chest X-ray examination is used to understand whether the heart is enlarged and expanded, and to know whether the blood vessels associated with the heart have variations, such as whether the aortic arch has prominence and extension of the aortic wall, whether the aortic wall has calcification and whether there is a dissection artery. Tumor; clear lung with or without congestion and pleural effusion. These are all related to the complications of hypertension.

(6) Electrocardiogram examination should pay attention to whether the high voltage of QRS wave caused by hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy, QRS wave widening, ST segment decline and T wave hypoploid or inversion.

(7) Renal and renal function tests are mainly to understand whether there is any change in the morphology and function of the kidneys, including examination of morphology and function. The more commonly used ones are: 1 Intravenous pyelography, which is a safe and simple method of examination. It is a measure that must be taken when there is a suspected kidney abnormality, urethral obstruction, and renal vascular disease. 2 isotope nephrogram, renal scintigraphy examination, renal hypertension, especially for unilateral renal or renal vascular lesions in the diagnosis of greater value. 3 phenol red excretion test, creatinine clearance, etc. are used to evaluate whether the abnormal renal function check method.

(8) Determination of plasma renin activity is mainly used for the differential diagnosis of hypertension and secondary hypertension.

(9) Thyroid function tests include thyroid iodine uptake, serum total thyroxine levels, triiodothyronine levels, and serum thyrotropin levels.

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