What are the performance of diabetes and how to diagnose

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A typical case of more than three syndromes suggest the disease. Slightly asymptomatic diagnosis depends entirely on laboratory tests, often in health checks or accidental discovery of other diseases. Many patients first discovered complications, and then traced back and the disease. But whether there is no symptoms or complications, the key lies in the first consideration of the possibility of the disease and urine, blood sugar check before diagnosis.

(A) urine glucose test results should pay attention to the following situations. Urine test results for diagnostic purposes only, and diagnosed diabetes depends on blood glucose measurement.

1. If there is a small amount or trace of diabetes, and occasionally appear after meal should be carried out blood glucose and glucose tolerance test, and noted that the spotted solution of copper sulfate was reduced to copper oxide and the like to react, a lot of drugs , Such as morphine, salicylates, chloral hydrate, aspirin, para-aminobenzoic acid, a large number of citric acid, uric acid, and many other carbohydrates can also be raw copper sulfate and false-positive results. It is now widely used glucose oxidase made of urine test strips, to avoid false-positive results.

2. clinically diabetic signs or suspects and urine negative repeatedly, should pay attention to the determination of fasting and 2 hours after a meal blood sugar, so that except for elevated renal glucose threshold.

(B) of the blood glucose determination of blood glucose methods commonly used in three: venous plasma glucose (VPG), capillary blood glucose (CBG) and intravenous whole blood glucose (VBG). Of the two most commonly used before. The results obtained by different methods are slightly different. The results of the VPG method are 10% higher than those of CBG and about 15% higher than that of VBG. In the analysis of blood glucose report should pay attention to the exclusion of other cases caused by increased glucose concentration, such as injection of sugar, a variety of endocrine disorders, brain lesions and stress conditions, which will be described later. Patients with mild or early, especially type Ⅱ disease may be normal fasting blood glucose, can not be easily excluded, must be 2 hours after a meal blood glucose or glucose tolerance test.

(C) glucose tolerance test for patients with normal or slightly higher fasting blood glucose and occasionally diabetic, or suspected patients with diabetes (such as a positive family history, or repeated miscarriage, premature birth, stillbirth, giant baby, dystocia, abortion After the maternal, or repeated sore boil, etc.), to be glucose tolerance test. But the fasting blood glucose significantly increased the diagnosis of dominant cases have been identified, a lot of glucose can burden, should be exempted.

Diagnosis of diabetic fashion to be excluded except for a variety of factors affecting glucose tolerance, including anterior pituitary, adrenal cortex, hyperthyroidism and other endocrine diseases, obesity, liver disease, a variety of drugs (such as thiazide diuretics, female contraceptives, glucocorticoids , Phenytoin, chlorobenzothiadiazine, etc.), stress conditions (such as fever, infection, acute myocardial infarction, surgery, etc.), loss of potassium and so on.

2. 2h after meals blood glucose measurement Equivalent to 100g glucose carbohydrate foods such as steamed 2 2 or rice 2h after the determination of blood glucose, such as more than 140mg / dl were reduced tolerance, ≥ 200mg / dl for diabetes.

Because of low sugar diet or hunger state can reduce impaired glucose tolerance, so should pay attention to adjust the diet 3d pre-test sugar intake of not less than 250g / d, in order to obtain reliable results.

For some patients to assess their β-cell function or glycemic control status, the following determination can be made:

1. Fasting plasma insulin measured in our hospital by radioimmunoassay fasting plasma insulin normal range of 5 ~ 20μu / ml, type I patients are often below 5μu / ml, sometimes as low as undetectable. Type II plasma insulin levels in patients with normal, a few also have low, obese patients often higher than normal, increased significantly hyperinsulinemia, suggesting that insulin resistance. The latter is a component of the metabolic syndrome can be considered as one of the risk factors for coronary heart disease, which has drawn much attention in recent years. Insulin and insulin original immune cross, and therefore can be measured for the general radio immunoassay, and cardiovascular adverse effects, proinsulin may be more than insulin. The study has been the determination of proinsulin used in clinical.

2. Insulin release test During oral glucose tolerance test, plasma insulin concentration can be measured simultaneously to reflect the islet β-cell reserve function. In addition to the low fasting level of type I patients, the level of insulin remained low after the stimulation of sugar, showing a low flat curve, especially the simultaneous calculation of the ratio of glucose to insulin (IRI) / G, suggesting that insulin secretion Low (normal 25μu / mg). Ⅱ type of patients fasting level may be normal or high, delayed release after stimulation. Glucose stimulation, such as insulin did not rise or flat water, suggesting that β-cell dysfunction.

3.C-peptide determination of insulin release from pancreatic β-cells by the liver and kidneys by insulin and other energy-extinction, the peripheral blood of each cycle will be 80% destroyed, and its half-life of only 4.8 minutes, so the blood concentration of only Represents a very small part of its total secretion. C peptide and insulin from the proinsulin split from the same molecular peptides, not by the liver enzyme excretion, only excretion by the role of the kidneys, and its half-life of 10 to 11 minutes, so the blood concentration can be more Good reflection of pancreatic β-cell reserve function. Determination of C-peptide is not affected by insulin antibodies interfere with the determination of insulin-free cross-immune reaction, and is not affected by insulin injection, it has been used in recent years measured C-peptide blood concentration or 24-hour urinary excretion to reflect the beta cell secretion Features.

(1) Serum C-peptide concentration determination: Normal human serum C-peptide was 1.0 ± 0.23 mg / dl when fasting was measured by radioimmunoassay. The concentration was 3.1 ng / ml when the peak value of oral glucose was seen for 60 minutes. Serum C-peptide increased from 1.3 ± 0.3 ng / ml to 4.4 ± 0.8 ng / ml after 60 minutes in normal subjects and only 2.3 ng / ml in type 2 diabetes after 2 hours. The other 5 cases of type Ⅰ patients who had been treated with insulin for more than 5 years, C peptide levels are low, both fasting and after stimulation failed to measure.

⑵ 24-hour urine C peptide determination: normal 24-hour urine C peptide 36 ± 4μg, type I only 1.1 ± 0.5μg, type Ⅱ patients was 24 ± 7μg, C peptide daily release equivalent to about the secretion of insulin 5% of the amount of insulin secretion and only 0.1%.

The above-mentioned C-peptide assay can identify β-cell function in type I patients with insulin treatment, which is not only used for scientific research but also clinically used at present.

4.HbA1c determination of fasting blood glucose and blood glucose fluctuations may reflect the recent 2 to 3 months in the blood glucose, normal HbA1c6%, HbA1 8%, often higher than normal in patients with diabetes.

Fructosamine determination of serum normal fructosamine 2.13 ± 0.24mmol / L (plasma low 0.3mmol / L), reflecting the last 1 to 4 weeks of blood glucose, parallel with HbA1c, regardless of type I diabetes, type Ⅱ Are higher, especially in type Ⅰ as high.

In short, the diagnosis of diabetes can root history, clinical manifestations, supplemented by the above urine sugar, blood glucose and OGTT determined. In addition, the need to identify whether there are various complications and complications, and to assess their severity, type, stage of development and major organ status, etc., is very important for the treatment and prognosis of the disease.

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Will Hypokalemia induce arrhythmias do

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Will hypokalemia induce arrhythmias? Well, then take a look at the experts on the cause of arrhythmia introduction, I hope for everyone to help.

Potassium is an important material to maintain cardiac function, hypokalemia easily lead to arrhythmia. When the extracellular or blood potassium concentration decreased, the difference between the potassium concentration inside and outside the cell membrane increased, the membrane potassium permeability decreased. Hypokalemia, increased cardiac excitability, increased self-discipline, reduced conductivity.


When the difference of potassium concentration inside and outside of myocardial cells increased, the potassium permeability of the membrane decreased and the outflow of potassium ions decreased, which decreased the resting potential of cardiomyocytes. As the membrane potential decreases close to the threshold potential, increased cardiac myocyte excitability. At the same time, the effect of relative influx of sodium ions is weakened, the speed of automatic depolarization of diastolic myocardial cells is accelerated, the time from the diastolic potential after repolarization reaches the threshold potential is shortened, and the self-discipline of cardiomyocytes is increased. And due to reduced resting potential, sodium influx and depolarization speed and amplitude decreased, so slow conduction of excitement.

Thus, due to hypokalemia due to changes in cardiomyocytes Na + and K + channel permeability, increased cardiac excitability, increased self-discipline, reduced conductivity, easy to form excited reentry, and induced arrhythmia.

Hypokalemia is the early symptoms of limb weakness, generalized weakness, bloating, nausea, constipation, lack of energy and other symptoms, and mild hypokalemia caused by arrhythmia mostly sinus tachycardia, atrial contraction Or ventricular contractions before.

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What are the symptoms of early nephritis in women

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No matter what type of nephritis, have a tremendous harm to the patient's physical and mental health. So what are the symptoms of early nephritis in women?
Nephritis is by far the most common form of basic treatment for women with nephritis. Nephritis can be divided into two major categories of primary and secondary, or can be divided into two types of chronic and acute. No matter what type of nephritis, have a tremendous harm to the patient's physical and mental health. So what are the symptoms of early nephritis in women? How to prevent nephritis everyday?

Symptoms of early nephritis in women Nephritis of female nephritis diagnosis
What are the symptoms of early nephritis in women?

1, different levels of infection. The incidence of nephritis to some extent and the patient's infection is closely related, such as the common upper respiratory tract infection, pharyngitis and so on. When symptoms of these infections appear, patients should be promptly inspected in order to rule out the possibility of nephritis.

2, the body edema. One symptom often found in women with nephritis is body edema. The most common areas of edema are the face, lower extremities, and thorax and abdomen. At the same time patients will appear fatigue dizziness, waist pain and other symptoms, urine may be mixed with blood, urine color at the same time, anomalies. These may be the symptoms of early nephritis, once these symptoms appear, female friends must pay attention to early detection and treatment.

3, abnormal urine output. Some women with nephritis in the early may appear abnormal urine output or urination frequency increase or decrease and other symptoms, especially when the number of urination more than 3 times at night should pay attention to the timely sampling to the hospital for urine to check Identify kidney lesions.

4, accompanied by high blood pressure appears. In the survey of female nephritis or inside, nearly one-third of all or have high blood pressure symptoms, the general performance of dizziness, fatigue, poor quality of sleep and other symptoms, the long-term will seriously affect the patient's normal life and work. In case of such symptoms, be sure to timely medical examination, in order to timely detection of nephritis early treatment.

5, if the development of women with nephritis to a moderate degree, there will be symptoms of anemia, often feel dizzy and fatigue, looking worse and other symptoms, then need to be promptly checked for symptomatic treatment.
So, nephritis is how to check the disease and diagnosed it?

Acute nephritis has mild anemia in routine blood tests. The hemoglobin is generally not less than 10 g / 100 ml, white blood cells generally showed normal levels. However, early streptococcal infection and bacterial infection of white blood cells is likely to increase, the neutral classification has increased, erythrocyte sedimentation rate faster, up to 30-60 mm / h. And some patients with acute nephritis, the anti-streptolysin "o" titer increased serum immune complexes have also been elevated. In patients with blood or urine, fibrin degradation products (PDP) were found to be elevated, and total serum complement (cH, o) and complement C decreased.
Urine routine examination, some symptoms of acute nephritis patients, the urine sometimes only changes in urine, such as a small amount of protein, red blood cells, white blood cells, without hypertension, edema, oliguria and other clinical symptom. Should pay attention to the use of a variety of inspection methods, and urinary tract infection-like diseases distinguish.

When performing renal function tests, the vast majority of patients, there will be a decrease in the rate of creatinine clearance, the creatinine, urea nitrogen increased. According to the specific situation of different patients, the use of appropriate treatment, generally can quickly return to normal. As a supporting examination of the B-ultrasound, CT examination, we can see that some patients have a more significant increase in kidney volume.

After examination and diagnosis, patients with nephritis should also be given special attention, because kidney disease may cause some diseases such as acute glomerulonephritis and renal failure.

Daily how to prevent nephritis Six teach you to prevent nephritis

1, enhance physical fitness
The most important measure to prevent chronic nephritis is to enhance physical exercise and enhance the ability of the body to fight disease. Exercise a variety of ways, walking, long-distance running, dancing, climbing, boating, martial arts, qigong, tai chi, etc., are helpful to enhance physical fitness, improve body resistance, and can prevent the infection of bacteria and viruses after immunocompromised occur. However, patients with renal disease cautious.

2, to prevent infection
Nephritis disease often associated with upper respiratory tract infection and other often outside by the cold, wind heat, rheumatism, damp heat, heat toxicity of the evil as a cause, therefore, to prevent the incidence of nephritis, we should pay attention to changes in the cold weather should be avoided Rainy days, sweat out of the wind, wading, wearing wet clothes, always guarding against the invasion of evil.

3, daily life
To develop good habits, is very important to your health. Because of irregular life, inadequate sleep, binge eating, excessive color, excessive ease of work, can reduce the body's resistance to exogenous pathogens, increase the chances of illness, so in daily life, should work and rest, regular work and rest , In order to maintain the body's balance of yin and yang, blood and smooth.

4, sick early treatment
Sores of the skin prurigo rash, upper respiratory tract infection, recurrent tonsillitis, all have the possibility of nephritis, it is necessary to get sick early treatment. Keep under the yin clean, frequently change clothes, prevent urinary tract infection; keep the stool smooth, regular defecation, is conducive to the elimination of metabolic waste.

5, optimistic spirit
Prevention should first be wary of the occurrence of nephritis, but not necessarily pessimistic, should eliminate the horror of the disease. In addition to strengthening physical activity usually, the lack of kidney yin can serve Liu Wei Di Huang Wan, Wei Qi who can serve Yupingfengsan to kidney Pei-yuan, solid health watch to prevent evils invasion of nephropathy.

6, pay attention to health
Sick as early as the skin sores prurigo, upper respiratory tract infection, recurrent tonsillitis, etc., are likely to become nephritis, it is necessary to get sick early treatment. Maintain the lower body clean, frequently changing clothes, to prevent urinary tract infections; keep stool, regular bowel movements, is conducive to the elimination of metabolic waste.


Reminder visceral and fat in the cholesterol and protein content are high, there are spicy food, nephritis patients should not eat.

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How to determine the four aspects of kidney stones to help you identify

Kidney stones can also be called urolithiasis and can have a significant impact and inconvenience on patients. So how can we tell if we have kidney stones? Let's find out

Kidney stone is a more common clinical stone disease, most people are due to poor eating habits caused by the body has a great impact on health and injury. Therefore, the symptoms of kidney stones must be promptly treated. Let's see how to diagnose kidney stones

The diagnosis of kidney stones can be started from the following aspects

1, lumbar dull pain: mostly larger stones in the renal pelvis as cast-shaped stones, strenuous exercise may have hematuria.

2, symptoms of infection: pyuria may occur with infection, acute attack may have chills, fever, back pain, frequent urination, urgency, dysuria symptoms.

3, Paishi: history of pain and hematuria, sand or small stones may be discharged with urine. Stones flow through the urethra with urinary tract obstruction and sense of urinary tract irritation, urinary flow immediately after the stone was discharged, the patient felt relaxed and comfortable.

4, renal colic: often smaller stones, microscopic or gross hematuria, renal percussion pain was obvious. Patients with pale pain when the onset of pain, cold sweat, weak pulse or even blood pressure decreased, often accompanied by nausea, vomiting and abdominal distension and other gastrointestinal symptoms.

Six effective ways to avoid kidney stones

1, get up in the morning and before going to sleep can drink 30 ml of water. Drink at least 10 to 12 glasses of water daily, and drink more water when the weather is hot. Sweating, you must immediately add moisture;

2, in the water or tea into the fresh lemon slices. Lemon is rich in citrate, helps to inhibit kidney stones;

3, to reduce salt intake, reduce the intake of high uric acid and high oxalate and other foods, such as soy products and high oxalate-containing foods such as tea, coffee, cocoa, celery, spinach, grapes, oranges, tomatoes, potatoes, plums, bamboo shoots, etc. food;

4, limit the intake of meat, especially animal offal; kidney stones patients should pay attention to eating less beef, lamb during treatment;

5, kidney stones patients should not drink high calcium milk before going to bed;

6, regular urine test.

How to diagnose kidney stones ?

Three common errors of treatment of kidney stones

1, that calcium will lead to kidney stones

For a long time, patients with kidney stones have been suggested to limit calcium intake because analysis of kidney stones shows that 80% of kidney stones are calcareous. In recent years, studies have confirmed that this concept is the treatment of kidney stones, and the conclusion is just the opposite: increasing calcium intake but can reduce the risk of suffering from kidney stones. Researchers believe that the cause of kidney stones is not because too much calcium, but the body's calcium metabolism disorder, resulting in abnormal "calcium move" due.

2, no symptoms of stones without treatment


On the contrary, painless kidney stones may not be detected in time, causing extremely serious consequences, which is the treatment of kidney stones more serious errors. As a foreign body stones exist in the kidneys for a long time, not only cause infection, rubbing the renal mucosa caused by hematuria, may also cause urinary system obstruction, leading to hydronephrosis, or even complete loss of renal function. Clinically proven, chronic long-term stimulation of stones, there is the possibility of concurrent renal tumors.

3, that all stones can dissolve row

More than 0.5 cm stones, to use the drug row of stones is very difficult. Chinese medicine row of stone is mainly the role of diuretic use, by no means as the ads can be said to dissolve stones discharged. If you eat 1-2 months of the drug is still not effective, it is best to try another method. Long-term medication will only damage the kidneys. This is also a common misunderstanding of kidney stones.

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Patients with kidney failure are advised to eat the nine fruits they must know

For people with kidney failure, eating is crucial. Also pay attention to the choice of fruits, improper selection of fruits will also increase the burden on the kidneys, the following to see what patients can eat in patients with renal failure.

Although fruit is good for your health, you need to be cautious when it comes to getting sick. So what patients eat kidney failure patients good? Let's take a look.

What to eat for kidney failure What are the benefits for kidney failure?

1, grapes

From the nutritional value of view, the grape contains not only minerals calcium, potassium, phosphorus, iron and multivitamins, but also contains a variety of essential amino acids. Chinese medicine also believes that grapes sweet, spleen, lung, kidney three, eat more grapes can play qi and blood, kidney yigan role. A large number of medical studies have shown that grapes on the rehabilitation of patients with nephritis has some auxiliary effect.

It should be noted here that the type and color of the market a lot of grapes, kidney is the most black grapes. However, grapevine cool, stomach cold people to be careful, do not eat too much at one time.

2, mulberry

Mulberry, also known as mulberry, mulberry dates, sweet juicy, is one of the people often eat the fruit, known as the "folk holy fruit." What are the fruits of kidney failure to eat good? Chinese medicine that mulberry sweet, slightly cold, into the heart, liver, kidney, with nourishing Yin, fluid and dry Bugan kidney effect.

In addition, mulberry also contains a variety of vitamins, amino acids and carotenoids and other ingredients, the effect is particularly prominent for women, often taking beauty beauty, anti-aging.

3, strawberry

Strawberry is a living vitamin pill, and there are many active factors in strawberry that are good for the health of our kidneys. And there are many nutrients in strawberry that can greatly enhance our whole immune system.

What to eat for kidney failure What are the benefits for kidney failure?

4, cherry

Cherry rich in iron, women can be blood, ease the painful conditions during menstruation. What are the fruits of kidney failure to eat good? Cherry for men, you can protect their kidneys, to achieve the role of Yin and kidney.

5, black currant

Black currant is also called black currant, black bean, purple plum, black currant nutritional value is extremely high. What are the fruits of kidney failure to eat good? According to scientists, there are 181 mg of vitamin C, 322 mg of potassium and many kinds of calcium, zinc, phosphorus, magnesium and iron per 100 grams of black currant, which has the functions of lowering blood fat, raising kidney, resisting oxidation and improving immunity. Role, it is still a fruit of all ages San goods.

In addition, black currant has high medicinal value, contains the bioflavonoids can improve vascular permeability, anti-aging and anti-cancer.

6, black dates

Speaking of dates, we may suddenly think of dates, jujube sweet nature, the effect of qi and blood, qi and nourishing the sacred goods, especially for women.

What to eat for kidney failure What are the benefits for kidney failure?

7, citrus

Citrus not only juicy delicious, but also the function of protecting the kidneys. Recently, a new study in the UK found that citrus fruits such as oranges, grapefruit, oranges and lemons help to block renal cysts (a benign tumor that causes kidney dysfunction, hypertension, commonly treated with kidney dialysis) form.

8, pear

Pear pear taste crisp, sweet taste, fragrant pear sweet, slightly acidic, with lungs and lungs, cough and phlegm, heat purging fire and other effects, can help treat cough, bad breath, constipation embolism, Pertussis is also effective in children. What are the fruits of kidney failure to eat good? Pear also contains asparticin, a special effect on human kidney health, but diarrhea should be careful diet.

9, bananas

Bananas contain bromelain enzyme, which is considered to enhance men's interest. In addition, it contains potassium and vitamin B, thus increasing the overall body's function. Nephritis patients should eat bananas. Nephritis patients because of poor renal filtration function, eat bananas will make the blood calcium, potassium, magnesium imbalance, especially potassium will aggravate nephropathy, while banana in the magnesium and nerve and cardiovascular system will have an inhibitory effect. For people with kidney failure, eating is crucial. Also pay attention to the choice of fruits, improper selection of fruits will also increase the burden on the kidneys, the following to see what patients can eat in patients with renal failure.

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